Betelgeuse

I chose this star because if Betelgeuse were at the center of the Solar System, its surface would extend past the asteroid belt, possibly to the orbit of Jupiter and beyond, wholly engulfing Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars due to it's immense size. It was the second star, after the sun, to have its photosphere measured. It's the ninth brightest star and is one of the three stars that make up the Winter Triangle.

Star: Betelgeuse

Chemical makeup: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

Location in space: Right ascension- 5 hr 55 min 10.3 sec
Declination- +7 degrees 24' 25.4"
427 light years from Sun

Spectrum analysis of most abundant chemical (carbon): 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon

Stellar classification: M2Ib red supergiant

 

http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/09/08/betelgeuse_astronomers_give_it_100_000_years_before_it_explodes.html

Sources: 
100,000 Stars. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2015, from http://stars.chromeexperiments.com/
Internet STELLAR DATABASE. (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2015, from http://www.stellar-database.com/

Betelgeuse. (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelgeuse#cite_note-SIMBAD-3