Vega

I chose this star because it was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed and also the first to have its spectrum recorded. It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated, serving as a baseline for others. It's extensive history has led it to be termed "arguably the next important star in the sky after the Sun. Vega is also the brightest star in the constellation Lyra, the fifth brightest star in the sky, and the second brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere.

Star: Vega

Chemical makeup: low metallicity, composed of hydrogen and helium

Location in space: Right ascension- 18 hr 36 min 56.3 sec
Declination- +38 degrees 47' 1.3"
25.3 light years from Sun

Spectrum analysis of most abundant chemical (hydrogen): 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

Stellar classification: A0Va

 
http://i.space.com/images/i/000/003/754/i02/080926-ns-lyra-vega1-02.jpg?1292267832

Sources: 

100,000 Stars. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2015, from http://stars.chromeexperiments.com/

What Are The Most Famous Stars? (2015, February 11). Retrieved September 27, 2015, from http://www.universetoday.com/45775/famous-stars/ 

Internet STELLAR DATABASE. (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2015, from http://www.stellar-database.com/
Vega. (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega